Jail rests on boosting prisoner total

 

THE CITY is banking on the federal government sending more people to jail for longer periods of time if its hope of an economy-boosting jail here is to be realized.

A city co-sponsored feasibility study lists three pieces of legislation the federal government wants passed, each one of which would result in more people headed for federal jail cells.

One piece of legislation calls for minimum sentences for serious drug cases, another would end the practice of lopping off two days for every day a person is sentenced if that person has been in jail since first arrested and another would impose mandatory jail time for fraud.

The new sentence requirements could boost the federal jail population by 70 per cent, the study suggests.

The $4,000 study, cost shared fifty-fifty between the city and Northern Development Initiative (NDI) Trust, also quotes a newspaper article citing a federal plan to spend nearly $500 million on jails between 2011 and 2013.

City council and NDI commissioned the study last fall.

NDI chief executive officer Janine North said that while it doesn’t tell any municipality what ideas to explore, it will help provide more information.

NDI is a regional economic development corporation that aims to stimulate economic diversification and job creation in the region.

“Terrace is a community that is looking how to diversify and expand its tax base,” she said, pointing out that a provincial jail in Prince George has had a positive economic impact for that community.

The Terrace feasibility study forecasts a facility holding 400 prisoners would cost $170 million to build and have an annual operating budget of $42 million.

A location has already been picked out – 15 to 20 hectares within the proposed airport lands industrial park.

“As we see the industry base weakening....one should explore other options that aren’t as cyclical,” North said.

The study also says that a facility located in rural northern B.C. would allow inmates to stay near their home communities, and points out that technology makes it easier for inmates to receive sentencing, visitations, and specialized counselling services through video links.

“In B.C., there certainly has been some controversy over the past couple of years of communities wanting or not wanting correctional facilities in the Lower Mainland,” North said.

“I think that in the north, we tend to be more open to exploring a fact base before saying ‘not in my backyard.’ And with recent changes federally, and with money that is in provincial and federal budgets targeted in the next several years for new facilities...it’s a reasonable question to ask how they impact the economy.”

Terrace mayor Dave Pernarwoski raised the prospect of a federal jail in a presentation to provincial politicians in Victoria recently.

And Terrace city council recently invited Skeena NDP MLA Robin Austin to a meeting, requesting his help in lobbying the federal government for such a facility.

For his part, Austin said it is best to start with Skeena-Bulkley Valley MP Nathan Cullen.

Austin later said he’d be in a better position to assist if the city wanted a provincial jail.

There was a provincial jail here but it was closed as a provincial cost-saving measure in 2002.

Austin said it made no sense to close the jail because it provided jobs and kept inmates close to families.

The city has now asked Cullen for a meeting to take place later this month.

The following is the feasibility study prepared by the Northern Development Initiative Trust and the City of Terrace on the prospect of building a federal prison here.

The study is entitled, The Economic Impact of a Rural Correctional Facility. An Opportunity for Terrace, British Columbia.

Executive Summary

The construction of a new correctional  facility in Terrace, BC would provide socio‐economic  benefits  directly  to  the  community  and  surrounding  areas.  Not  only  will  the  economy  benefit  from  jobs created for construction and operating within the community, but the sociological benefits of interning prisoners near their communities and families should not be discounted. 

There  is  a  foreseeable  increase  in  sentence  terms  and  numbers  of  inmates  which  will  necessitate additional  inmate  capacity.  Currently  there  is  insufficient  capacity  to  absorb  any  significant  increase  in  inmate  populations.  Existing  public  opinion  is  against  increased  prisoner  capacity  to  be  built  in  high density population centres and future locations should in communities that support the undertaking. 

The  community  of  Terrace  has  expressed  interest  and  support  as  a  location  of  a  future  correctional  facility.  An  appropriate  location  has  been  identified  for  construction  of  a  new  correctional  facility.  The  economic  impact  of  a  new  facility  within  the  community  would  be  approximately  $170  million  in construction costs with an annual operating budget of $42 million. 

Over  a  20  year  period,  the  construction  and  operations  of  a  new  correctional  facility  in  Terrace  would  have a direct economic impact of $862 million. 

Introduction 

The  construction  of  new  correctional  facilities  is  required  to  support  expected  increased  inmate  populations  in  the  next  three  to  five  years.  The  placement  of  new  facilities  should  be  in  locations  and communities  that  support  them.

This  makes  it  easier  to  move  forward  with  the  facilities and  provides significant economic opportunities for those communities. 

This  report  examines  the  basis  for  new  correctional  facilities,  the  economic  impact  from construction and operations, and the overall benefit to Terrace, a rural community in Northern British Columbia. 

Background 

A  number  of  bills  introduced  by  the  federal  government  in  the  House  of  Commons  are  expected  to  be  passed  into  law.  These  bills  are  expected  to  have  an  impact  on  inmate  population  in  both  federal  and  provincial correctional facilities. 

Bill C‐15: Minimum Sentences 

On February 27, 2009 the Minister of Justice, the Honourable Robert Nicholson, introduced in the House of  Commons Bill  C‐15  to  amend  the  Controlled  Drugs  and  Substances  Act  (Library  of Parliament,  2009a). 

Bill  C‐15  seeks  to  amend  the  Controlled  Drugs  and  Substances  Act  (“CDSA”)  and  thereby  the  Criminal  Code  to  impose  minimum  sentences  for  certain  serious  drug  offenses  such  as  dealing  drugs  for  organized crime purposes or when a weapon or violence is involved. 

Bill  C‐15  specifically  mentions  that  in  2006/07  that  approximately  fifty  percent  of  all  drug‐related  court cases  do  not  result  in  convictions  and  convictions  rarely  result  in  sentencing  incarceration.  The  majority  of  offenders  only  receive  probation.  This  data  has  drawn  the  conclusion  that  there  are  not  sufficient penalties defined in the CDSA to act as a dete rrent. 

Currently  the  CDSA  does  impose  maximum  penalties  for  drug  offences  but  there  are  currently  no  mandatory  minimum  penalties  for  drug  related  offences.  Primarily  the  CDSA  offences  include  possession,  “double  doctoring,”  trafficking,  importing  and  exporting,  and  production  of  substances  denoted within the CDSA. 

Bill C‐25: Credit for Time Served 

On  March  27,  2009  the  Minister  of  Justice  also  introduced  in  the  House  Bill  C‐25  to  amend  the  Criminal  Code  to  limit  the  credit  a  judge  may  allow  for  any  time  spent  in  pre‐sentencing  custody  (Library  of  Parliament,  2009b).  This  limit  is  meant  to  reduce  the  “credit  for  time  served”  and  impose  longer  incarceration periods. Bill C‐25 is also known as the Truth in Sentencing Act. 

Currently  the  Criminal  Code  allows  the  courts  to  take  into  consideration  time  spent  in  pre‐sentencing  custody.  According  to  the  Criminal  Code  the  court  is  not  required  to  do  so;  however  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  has  the  opinion  that  courts  must  justify  any  reason  for  not  reducing  sentences  by  taking  into  account pre‐sentencing custody time (R. v. Wust, 2000). 

This  has  resulted  in  the  majority  of  cases  whereby  sentencing  convictions  are  reduced  by  double  or,  in  some  jurisdictions,  triple  time  spent  in  pre‐sentencing  custody.  This  has  provided  an  incentive  for  in‐custody  accused  expecting  to  be  convicted  to  maximize  the  pre‐sentencing  custody  timeframe  to  ultimately  minimize  the  resulting  incarceration  time.  The  changes  introduced  in  Bill  C‐25  will  result  in  a  one  day  for  one  day  recognition  of  pre‐sentencing  custody  or  in  rare  occasions  one  and  one‐half  days  when pre‐sentencing custody is determined to have circumstances that warrant greater recognition. 

Bill C‐52: Mandatory Jail Sentence for Fraud

On October 21, 2009 the Minister of Justice also introduced in the House Bill C‐52 to amend the Criminal  Code  (Sentencing  for  Fraud)  and  creates  a  mandatory  jail  sentence  for  fraud  over  $1  million  (Library  of  Parliament,  2009c).  Bill  C‐52  is  also  known  as  the  Retribution  on  Behalf  of  Victims  of  White  Collar  Crime  Act. 

The  aim  of  Bill  C‐52  is  to  provide  restitution  for  victims  of  large  scale  fraud  and  permit  the  courts  to  impose  mandatory  jail  sentences  after  consideration  of  victim  and  community  impact  statements. 

Generally  these  impact  statements  will  provide  the  courts  with  additional  factors  when  considering  sentencing  such  as  the  financial  and  psychological  impact  of  the  fraud  on  the  victim(s)  and  their resulting circumstances.  

Inmate Population Implications 

All of these bills will result in significant increases in prison populations. The minimum increase for Bill C‐ 15  alone  is  expected  to  be  10%  (Scoffield,  2009)  and  together  the  bills  have  the  possibility  of  increasing prison  populations  of  upwards  to  70%. 

When  the  United  States  implemented  similar  sentencing  policies 

in 1985 there was an increase in prison populations over 15 years of 700% (Drucker, 1999).

The  volume  of  incarcerated  offenders  has  reached  critical  capacity,  evidenced  by  inmate‐to‐cell occupancy levels averaging 185 per cent in provincial correctional facilities (Ministry of Public Safety and  Solicitor  General,  2009).  The  challenge  for  many  of  these  facilities  are  that  they  were  constructed  in  1800s and early 1900s, are expensive to maintain and difficult to increase inmate capacity. It  has  been  recommended  that  construction  of  mixed‐use  regional  facilities  be  constructed  to  both  deal  with  organic  prison  population  growth  and  the  likely  results  of  a  tough  on  crime  political  approach. 

These  mixed‐use  facilities  would  incorporate  distinct  minimum,  medium,  and  maximum  security  areas  within  a  common  complex.  These  regional  complexes  could  have  as  few  as  500  inmates  up  to  a  maximum of 2,000 (Correctional Services Canada Review Panel, 2007). 

The  regional  complexes  would  be  outfitted  with  advanced  technology  to  permit  video  remand,  sentencing,  and  visitation.  The  benefit  of  regional  complexes  is  a  model  of  more  effectively  correctional  management  and  reduced  cost  as  inmates  would  not  be  required  to  be  transported  for  court  hearings,  change  of  status  from  remand  to  sentence,  or  to  facilitate  visitation.

Additionally  population  density  within  a  facility  would  allow  inmates  to  access  a  broader  range  of  support  services  such  as  physical  health,  mental  health,  drug  treatment  programs,  et  cetera  without  being  required  to  be  transported offsite for specialized support. 

The  maintenance  of  inmates  within  the  same  regional  facility  from  remand,  during  the  sentence,  and  reintegration  also  has  benefits  of  improve  community  and  familial  relationships  and  support  to  improve quality of life issues (Canadian Families and Corrections Network, 2007). 

An  independent  review  commissioned  by  Correctional  Services  Canada  conducted  by  Deloitte  &  Touche  suggested  that  moving  forward  with  “business  as  usual”  methodologies  and  practices  should  not  be  applied  to  the  regional  complex  model  and  “new  operating  approaches  and  standards”  should  be  considered for this new transformational business model. 

Economic Impact Analysis 

Correctional  facilities  have  a  significant  and  bone  fide  economic  impact  on  the  communities  they  are  situated  within.  This  impact  is  both  during  for  capital  and  operational  reasons.  Capital  reasons  include  new  construction  and  infrastructure  maintenance.  Operational  reasons  include  human  resources  and consumable supplies required to house the inmates. 

Capital Investment Budgets 

During  the  period  of  2008/09  through  to  2012/13  the  Province  of  British  Columbia  initially  expected  to  construct  three  separate  correctional  facility  projects  for  an  estimated  total  cost  of  $185  million  (Ministry  of  Public  Safety  and  Solicitor  General,  2009).

This  was  prior  to  the  three  bills  introduced  in  the  House  this  year  which  will  likely  require  significant  capital  investment  across  the  country  to  build additional correctional facilities to house the increased inmate population.  

The  federal  government  has  budgeted  $487.9  million  for  correctional  facility  infrastructure  from  fiscal  2011  through  to  fiscal  2013  (Curry,  2009).

It  is  projected  that  during  the  same  fiscal  periods  a  capital  budget  of  $817.1  million  would  be  required  to  maintain  existing  infrastructure  and  build  incremental bed capacity (Correctional Services Canada Review Panel, 2007). 

For a minimum security cell the capital cost would be $200,000, for a medium cell $400,000 and for a maximum cell, $400,000.

The mix would be 12 per cent minimum, 39 per cent medium and 49 per cent maximum.

The  capital  cost  to  construct  a  regional  complex  is  attributed  based  on  population  mix  and  ranges  from  approximately  $212  million  to  $842  million  (Deloitte,  2007).  Based  on  the  lowest  range  of  inmate population  increases,  a  minimum  of  3,600  additional  cells  would  be  required  for  a  minimum  capital  cost  of $1.53 billion. 

British  Columbia  houses  approximately  14.6%  of  the  federally  incarcerated  inmates  and  could  be  expected  to  invest  at  least  $256  million  in  capital  correctional  facility  construction  in  the  next  three  years to meet minimum inmate population increases. 

Facility Operating Cost 

Federal  and  provincial  data  suggest  a  consistency  of  2.06  inmates  per  employee  in  correctional  facilities  (Correctional  Service  Canada,  2009;  van  Dongen,  2009).  It  is  uncertain  the  cost  of  inmate  incarceration  as  there  is  a  disparity  of  operating  costs  across  various  jurisdictions.  The  news  media  suggests  the  highest  cost  of  $101,000  a  year  per  male  and  $185,000  a  year  per  female  (Jones  &  Pate,  2009)  which  is  assumed  to  be  a  maximum  security  cost.  Financial  reports  from  Corrections  Services Canada  suggest  a b lended average cost per inmate of approximately $104,522 per year.

Ontario  statistics  suggest  incarceration  costs  ranging  from  $110,223  for  male  inmates  and  $150,867  for  female  inmates  in  maximum  security  correctional  facilities  to  a  low  of  $70,000  for  medium  and minimum security correctional facilities (Basen, 2006). 

Terrace Opportunity 

The  opportunity  exists  within  rural  Northern  British  Columbia  to  construct  a  new  correctional  facility.  A new  facility  located  in  rural  Northern  British  Columbia  would  be  in  alignment  with  the  beneficial  effects  of  remanding  inmates  near  their  home  communities.  The  advent  of  technology  is  making  it  easier  for inmates  to  receive  sentencing,  visitations,  and  specialized  counselling  services  through  video  conferencing. 

It  is  proposed  that  a  facility  housing  approximately  400  inmates  could  be  constructed  within  the community of Terrace in Northern British Columbia. 

Background 

The  community  of  Terrace  has  expressed  interest  in  exploring  the  economic  impact  of  constructing  a  potential  correctional  facility  in  the  community  to  support  the  growing  need  of  new  facilities  for  inmates.    It  is  normal  practice  for  a  municipality  to  research  information  on  new  initiatives  when  exploring economic opportunities. 

Location 

The  proposed  location  for  construction  of  a  new  correctional  facility  location  is  in  a  planned  light industrial  near  the  Terrace  Airport  (Figure  1).  The industrial  area  is  East  of  Highway  16  and  comprises  approximately  114  hectares  of  land.  The  needs  for  the new  correctional  facility  would  likely  be  between  15 and 20 hectares. 

The  location  is  ideal  for  its  proximity  to  the  airport,  and  access  to  highway  37  for  transportation  purposes. 

It  is  also  unlikely  there  would  be  any  opposition  to  the  location  due  to  its  distance  from  residential neighbourhoods. 

Construction Economic Impact

It  would  be  estimated  that  a  400  inmate  population  correctional  facility  would  maintain  the  typical  housing  composition  of  minimum,  medium,  and  maximum  inmates.  It  would  be  expected  that  total  capital  construction  cost  would  be  approximately $170,000,000.00.

The  size  of  the  facility  would  be  approximately  280,000  square  feet  of  floor  space.  The  construction  process  would  source  raw  materials,  simple  fabricated  products,  and  skilled  labour  from  the  local  community.  It  is  uncertain  how  much  those  portions  would  comprise  of  the  approximate  construction costs however it would be reasonable to assume that at least 20% of total project costs. 

According  to  the  Correctional  Service  of  Canada,  the  capital  construction  process  from  the  planning  stage  to  full  occupation  for  a  new  facility  would  be  approximately  15  years.

This  period  is  considered  to  be  extremely  long  and  disproportionate  of  the  typical  construction  period  of  large  capital projects. It would be expected that the time frame could be reduced by approximately 60% to five years.

Operations Economic Impact 

Utilizing  details  from  the  Correctional  Service  of  Canada  a  correctional  facility  in  Terrace  would  require a n annual operating budget of approximately $42 million. This operating budget encompasses all inmate  costs  and  facility  maintenance  costs.  Of  that  operating  budget,  approximately  68%,  or  $28.5  million,  of  the  budget  is  for  payroll  and  benefits  costs  which  are  primarily  spent  within  the  local  community (Correctional Service Canada, 2008).

Of  the  remaining  budget,  it  is  uncertain  how  much  of  the  operating  and  maintenance  costs  would  be  spent  within  the  local  community.  It  is  reasonable  to  assume  that  a  portion  of  the  remaining  budget would be spent within the community of Terrace.

Conclusion 

The  construction  of  a  new  400  inmate  correctional  facility  in  Terrace  would  provide  direct  economic  impacts  over  the  next  20  years  of  approximately  $862  million  dollars  assuming  an  annual  inflation  rate  over  that  period  of  two  (2%)  percent.  The  support  of  the  community  for  this  type  of  facility  would  also  ease  the  process  and  provide  greater  involvement  with  the  inmate  population  and  their  families  to  improve the overall quality of life and outcomes.   

Comments

Clarification on Robin Austin's Statement:

Last week an article was posted by the Terrace Standard reporting on Terrace City Council bringing forward a proposal for a new federal prison. When NDP MLA Robin Austin was asked about the proposal, he pointed out that a facility built to cope with federal policy would be beyond his jurisdiction. The article then went on to say quote Austin in saying he would "be in a better position to assist if the city wanted a provincial jail."

I contacted Mr Austin and would like to thank him for his quick response providing clarification. Mr Austin was not advocating for a such a facility to be open, but reiterating that his bailiwick would only be within the province.

Nicole Seguin